本来一直对收集一套完整的同学录充满了信心，
没想到过了Ｎ久的事情了，某位脑袋进水的老兄还是无法释然，
我汗，
当初不知道是谁多无敌的？
算了，遇都遇到了就算我倒霉吧．．．
没有遗憾的生活就不叫我的生活了．．．
还好，尽管如此，还是可以有３３份，ＯＨ ＹＥＳ！
再加上其他班的各位好心人，
收获还是不错的．
算了，不能因为那个神奇的人把自己弄得不愉快．
继续改格式．．．
喵！
2007年5月27日星期日
Première station: Catalonia(Barcelona)
Catalonia是一个自认为有别于西班牙其他地区的自傲的地方．它是半岛东北角一个不太大的三角形区域，既有高耸的山峰也有长长的海滩．首府Barcelona是西班牙最美丽的城市之一，但是Costa Brava，比利牛斯山脉或Tarragona也都是值得一去的地方．
A mediterranean trade capital
Beginning in the 12th century, Barcelona became the centre of intense commercial activity in both the west and east Mediterranean. When Benjamí de Tudela visited the city he noted that the port already enjoyed prestige all over the Mediterranean. Vessels from Pisa, Genoa, Sicily, Greece, Alexandria, and even from as far away as Asia docked there. Between 1249 and 1274 king James I of Catalonia and Aragon organized the institutional life of the city through the Consell de Cent (Council of One Hundred). Throughout the 13th century Barcelona grew so rapidly that the walls encircling the city had to be extended, and a new wall and its respective gates were built along what is now the Rambla. In the early 14th century Barcelona developed into one of the foremost powers in the Mediterranean basin. The city expanded so much in these years of economic growth that in 1374 king Peter III of Catalonia and Aragon (Peter the Ceremonious) ordered a further extension of the walls, which gave rise to the Raval district. At that time the population of the city was approximately 25,000. The death toll caused by the plague years of 1333 and 1348 disrupted life in the city and economic growth declined, a situation that led to the destruction of the Jewish district in 1391 and the crisis in the city government in the 15th century, and eventually to the 1462-1472 civil war. Recuperation did not begin until the late 15th century, with the construction of the new quay and the subsequent recovery of Mediterranean trade. The conquest of Mallorca (1229), Valencia (1233-1245), Sicily (1282), Sardinia (1324), Naples (1442), the dukedoms of Athens (1311) and Neopàtria in Greece (1319) by the Catalan-Aragonese crown constitute the main political milestones of the expansion of Barcelona and Catalonia throughout the Mediterranean during the lower Middle Ages.
Barcelona under the House of Habsburg
In 1512 the Florentine Guicciardini, speaking of Barcelona, said: “It is situated on a coastal strip of land next to the sea, in a very suitable place for trade, although this does not thrive as much as in the past”. However, he also had this to say: “It is a fine, large, densely populated city (…) in general it can boast of fine houses throughout every district”. During the 16th and 17th centuries, few changes took place in the urban structure of Barcelona, which remained within the confines of the old 14th century walls.
In the 16th century it enjoyed a relative prosperity thanks mainly to the activity in the dockyard and the craftsmen’s guilds. Many mansions and convents were built in this century: the first Jesuit convent was built in 1553; the convent of the Discalced Carmelites in 1593; the convent of the Angels between 1562 and 1566; the convent of the Elizabeths in 1554; the convents of the Guardian Angels and the Repentants in 1587; the façade of the Palau de la Generalitat, from 1597; in the 17th century (1626), the new convent of Our Lady of Bonsuccés; the Fivaller Mansion (completed in the 17th century) and the Centelles Mansion (1514); the building of the Estudi General and parts of the Hospital of the Holy Cross, especially the Renaissance façade. The 17th century was in the main a time of crisis. This led to uprising and the war in 1640, which did not end until 1659. Also during this century various religious and civic buildings were constructed in the Baroque style: the Discalced Augustinian convent of Santa Mònica (1636); the Discalced Trinitarian convent of Saint Severus (1698-1705), Bethlehem (1680) and the Josepets; the Casa de Convalescència of the Holy Cross Hospital; the Casa de la Misericòrdia (1693); the Dalmases Mansion and the Mansion of the Counts of Solterra, of Marimon –in Caldes de Montbui– and of Maldà; and the Franciscan College of St Bonaventura (1652). In 1598, work on the new quayside was resumed. In the 16th century, the growing aristocratic presence in the city gave rise to the construction of noble town-houses such as those of the Gralla, Durai, Mai and Ardiaca Desplà. Between 1641 and 1714, Barcelona underwent six different sieges, some with devastating effects. Throughout this time the population numbered between 28,000 and 40,000 inhabitants. During the same period the population of Madrid was 100,000 and that of Paris and London, 570,000. The epidemics of 1520, 1530, 1558 and 1589-1590, to name only the most serious, decimated the city over and over again. In the late 17th century, the country underwent a certain economic recovery. In 1701-1702, the citizens of Barcelona obtained authorization from Philip V of Spain to send two ships per year to the Americas, until then the exclusive preserve of the Castilian crown.
From the Spanish war of Succession to the Catalan Renaissance
The defeat of 1714 signalled the end of the Catalan state and ushered in a period of severe repression that brought about great changes in the institutional structure of Barcelona. In 1718 the population of the city was 37,000. The victors ordered 1,200 houses in the Ribera neighbourhood to be knocked down to make way for the construction of a military fortress. While this process of denationalization was taking place in Catalonia throughout the 18th century, Barcelona continued to expand. In 1770 there were 70,000 inhabitants, and in 1787, 95,000. By the end of the period under study, that is to say, until 1832, this figure had increased to 117,000. Construction work on the Barceloneta district began in 1753. Between 1714 and 1832, a decisive period for the future of the city, Barcelona underwent a transformation. The entire physiognomy of the city was changed. The first third of the 19th century was a time of intense urban modernization. In 1820, building work on the Passeig de Gràcia began. Barcelona became a magnet for immigrants, especially exiles from France. During the 18th century (starting in 1736) “industrial” centres were set up for the manufacture of indianes, or patterned cotton fabrics. In 1796 there were 104 such factories with 3,048 looms providing work for 12,979 employees. In spite of the increase in agricultural production on the alluvial plain of the city’s hinterland, in 1763-64 and 1788-89 there were severe shortages of foodstuffs. The 1789 food crisis gave rise to the famous rebombori del pa, or bread riots. Between 1739 and 1748 Barcelona’s commerce with the Americas via Cádiz, the port which held the monopoly on trade with the New World, continued to grow. In 1765, the port of Barcelona was designated the official point of departure for trade with America. The peace treaty signed in1785 by Carles III (Charles III of Spain) and the Great Turk enabled merchandise to arrive from China.
The crisis at the end of the century, with wars against England (1779-83; 1796-1801; 1804-1808), and against revolutionary France, the so-called Great War (1793-95), and the subsequent Napoleonic invasion (1808-1814), all put a brake on industrial growth. The great transformation took place between 1814 and 1833. In 1829 there were 341 factories engaged in spinning, weaving and fabric printing. The city stood at the threshold of the industrial revolution. It was during this period that the city experienced a surge of cultural, artistic, academic and scientific activity. With the death of Ferdinand VII of Spain in 1833, a new chapter in the history of Barcelona began. In that same year, 1833, Bonaventura-Carles Aribau published his poem Oda a la Pàtria ("Ode to the Homeland"), which is widely regarded as the springboard for the great Catalan movement of cultural, linguistic and political renewal known as the Renaixença (rebirth or renaissance). Spanish monarchs who successively visited Barcelona during this time (Charles III, from October 17th to 22nd in 1759; Charles IV, in September, 1802; and the longest, by Ferdinand VII, from September 4th , 1827 to April 9th , 1828) were enthusiastically received by Catalans. Ferdinand VII signed an agreement with the industrial bourgeoisie in which they swore fidelity to the throne in exchange for protectionist privileges. In 1760, in an official memorandum of grievances, the same bourgeoisie had complained to the king then incumbent about the crown’s neglect of Catalonia.
From Cerda's Enlargement plan to the 1888 Expo
From the fin de siecle to the 1929 Expo
The second Spanish Republic
The victory of Republican parties all over Spain in the municipal elections held on April 12th , 1931, led Lluís Companys to proclaim the Republic from the balcony of Barcelona City Hall two days later. He was the first elected politician to make this annoucement publicly, and was followed shortly after by the leader of ERC (“Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya” – “Catalan Republican Left Party”), Francesc Macià, who proclaimed the Catalan Republic from the Palau de la Generalitat (Catalan Government Building). On April 17th , the Catalan Government cabinet renounced the Spanish Republic in favour of the independent Generalitat de Catalunya. In September 1932, the Statute for an Autonomous Catalan Government was approved, and in December of the same year the first meeting of the Republican Parliament, elected on November 20th , was held in Barcelona. On October 6th , 1934, in consequence of president Lluís Companys’ declaration of the Catalan State, all the members of the Catalan government were imprisoned by order of the right-wing government in Madrid, and the Statute was quashed (January 2nd , 1935). When the left-wing parties emerged as victors once again in the general election of February 16th , 1936, Companys and his colleagues were released. The military uprising on July 18th of the same year was put down in Barcelona, but in the Catalan capital especially, the internal strife between anarchists and communists, known as the May 1937 Incidents, led to a civil war within the Civil War. On October 31st , 1937, the Spanish Republican Government moved to Barcelona, making it the political capital of Spain. When Franco’s troops entered Lleida, the dictator issued a decree dissolving the Generalitat, which became effective on January 26th , 1939, when Barcelona finally fell to the Nationalist forces. In July 1934, the Macià Plan had been approved. It consisted of a programme for developing the Eixample neighbourhood, improving conditions in the old quarter, dividing the capital into districts and linking the city with the Llobregat coastal plain. The Casa Bloc project in Sant Andreu de Palomar to provide housing in a working class area was actually carried out. The same could not be said for the Ciutat de Repós i de Vacances (Workers’ City of Leisure and Vacation), which had been designed to provide for the leisure and holidays of the working classes. The war prevented it from going ahead. On October 31st , 1931, the Regional Planning programme for the reorganization of territory in Catalonia had also been approved: “It is necessary to create a Catalonia-City in which Barcelona will be but a large neighbourhood”. An important event in the cultural sphere was the creation of the Autonomous University of Barcelona (August 28th , 1933). During the Spanish Civil War Barcelona was heavily bombed by the Nationalist air force, and between March 16th and 17th 1938 alone, 551 people died and 1,151 were injured as a result of these attacks. These bombardments accounted for a total of 1,816 dead and 2,719 injured.
After Franco's victory
This was a period of poverty, hardship and enormous urban chaos. The tide of immigrants arriving in Barcelona, coupled with the lack of housing, led to the construction of slum dwellings. Some 200,000 of these sub-standard dwellings went up in various areas of the city. In 1953, the Pla Comarcal de Barcelona (Regional Plan) replaced the first Pla Nacional d’Habitatge (National Housing Scheme) in an attempt to control immigration and organize city planning. Between 1953 and 1962, 2,719 new flats were built in the area known as the “Congrés Eucarístic”. In 1939, Barcelona had a population of 1,085,951. By 1957 the number of inhabitants had reached 1,466,937. In 1944, 20,240 immigrants arrived in the city; 69,987 arrived in the following year, and in 1948 the figure was 35,569. Immigration increased over five-year periods in the following manner: 1941-1945: 111,567; 1946-1950: 45,353; 1951-1955: 86,801; and 1956-1960: 104,460. Over the same period (1940-1957), life expectancy for both men and women in Barcelona showed a marked increase. In 1940-1941, it was 54 for men and 62 for women. Between 1949 and 1952, it rose to 62 and 68, respectively, and between 1954 and 1957 it was 67 and 73. During the forties, poverty in the city was widespread. According to the novelist Francisco Candel, in those years “the Diagonal was full of cabarets and the factories with tuberculosis”. 1951 was the year of the tram strike, when the people of Barcelona refused to pay the increase in the price of a ticket. In 1952, the International Eucharistic Congress was held in the city, an occasion for the military regime to mount an enormous propaganda campaign, as well as a boost for building activity and the beginning of tourism. The setting up of the SEAT car company between 1949 and 1953 provided many new jobs (more than 5,000 in 1958). Barcelona became the main location for clandestine opposition against the regime, although this was still relatively small and badly organized. In 1945, various political organizations joined together to form the Catalan National Alliance for Democracy and the National Council for Catalan Democracy, neither of which lasted for very long. The dictatorship adopted stringent measures to remove all traces of Catalan culture during this period, as well as to prevent the formation of an effective resistance, which survived only in small groups and behind closed doors.
Metropolitan Barcelona & transition towards democracy
The Barcelona of democracy
Municipal elections were held on April 3rd, 1979, with a 45% abstention. The Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya (PSC – Catalan Socialist Party) obtained 16 seats on the Council (33.9 %); the Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya (PSUC – Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia), 9 (18.8%); Convergència i Unió (CiU – Nationalist Conservative Party), 8 (18.5%); Centristes de Catalunya-Unió del Centre Democràtic (CC-UCD – Catalan Democratic Party of the Centre), 8 (16.7%), and Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC – Catalan Republican Left), 2 (5.2%). A coalition pact (the so-called “Pact of Progress”) was signed by all members of the Council consisting of the PSC, PSUC, CiU and ERC, with Narcís Serra as mayor of Barcelona. In October 1981, the CiU left the municipal government. After the victory of the PSOE (Partido Socialista Obrero Español – Spanish Socialist Workers Party) in the general elections held in October 1982, Serra became Minister of Defence in Madrid and was succeeded as mayor by Pasqual Maragall (3 December 1982). Since then, with support from various parties (PSUC, IC, ERC), the Catalan Socialists have always governed at Barcelona City Hall.
The policies of the democratic municipal authorities have taken effect in many spheres, the opening up of Barcelona to the Mediterranean being one of them. The old Moll de la Fusta (Timber Wharf) was recovered for the city; the Maremàgnum complex, the IMAX cinema and the Aquarium were built, and the Museu d’Història de Catalunya (Museum of Catalan History) was opened on the quays. Between 1997 and 2002 a footbridge was built linking the “Adossat” and “Ponent” Quays, the breakwater along the “Inflambles” Wharf was extended and a second harbour mouth made. Montjuïc has been another area of activity, due principally to the preparations for the 1992 Olympic Games, with the construction of the Mies van der Rohe Pavilion, the Ciutat del Teatre (theatre complex), the INEF (Institute for physical education), and Santiago Calatrava’s 199m high telecommunications tower. However, the major project carried out on Montjuïc was the construction of the Olympic Ring, designed by the architects Correa, Milà, Margarit and Buxadé, which included the modernization of the old Olympic Stadium and the building of Arata Isozaki’s Palau Sant Jordi (Sports Palace of St George). The Collserola range of hills has been another site were development has taken place, with the creation of a natural park, rational urban planning, and Norman Foster’s 268m high telecommunications tower at Vallvidrera. In 1985, in anticipation of the Olympic Games, the Olympic Village or “Nova Icaria” urban development project (designed by Oriol Bohigas, Josep M. Martorell, David Mackay and Albert Puigdomènech) was officially approved and set into motion. 2,000 flats, 200 retail outlets and 70,000 square metres of office space were built. Other major projects were the extension of the Avinguda Diagonal to the sea, the construction of new ring roads and underpasses, the redevelopment of part of the Ciutat Vella (Old City), the building of new streets and avenues as well as large shopping malls and commercial centres, all of which have transformed Barcelona during this period. In 1985, the package of measures for the Protection and Improvement of the Urban Landscape was approved, and in 1986 the campaign “Smarten Yourself Up, Barcelona!” was put into operation. The new terminal designed by Ricard Bofill has helped to modernize the airport at El Prat, while numerous cultural facilities have either been improved or newly constructed; the National Theatre, the Auditorium, the new Liceu Opera House, the Palau de la Música Catalana (1989), the Tàpies Foundation (1990), the Museum of Contemporary Art, the Centre of Contemporary Culture, the National Art Museum of Catalonia, etc. In 2004, in time for the celebration of the “Universal Forum of Cultures”, the massive urban development project “Diagonal Mar” was brought to a conclusion.
Architecture
One of the most notable features of Barcelona is the city's great architectural richness, a characteristic that is the result of the succession of the peoples who have inhabited the city during many hundreds of years, and is manifested in an urban structure that has been configured in four major phases:
· The early nucleus. The first important architectural landmarks date back to the original nucleus inside the city's Roman walls, the centre of which is the Plaça de Sant Jaume. This first phase witnessed one of the crucial processes in the life of the city: its Romanization. · Mediaeval and modern Barcelona. The Mediaeval period gave Barcelona one of its outstanding architectural gems, the Gothic quarter, which presents all the splendour of an era epitomized by the Plaça del Rei, with its churches, houses, palaces and chapels and the façade of the Cathedral. Of note outside of the Gothic quarter are carrer Montcada and its noble palaces, the historic Hospital de la Santa Creu, the Drassanes shipyards and the monasteries of Sant Pau del Camp and Santa Maria de Pedralbes. Fine examples of the architecture of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries can be found in Barcelona in the churches of Betlem, the Mare de Déu de la Mercè, the Casa de la Caritat, the Palau de la Virreina, the Labyrinth in Horta and the various manor houses still to be seen in Barcelona. . The construction of the Eixample and Modernisme. In addition to outstanding public buildings such as the Boqueria market, the University, the Gran Teatre del Liceu Opera House and the Plaça Reial, this period was marked by the construction of Barcelona's Eixample or New Town to a project by Ildefons Cerdà. Modernisme, too, has left an architectural legacy of the first order. The work of Gaudí (the Sagrada Família, the Casa Milà-La Pedrera, the Casa Vicenç, the Casa Batlló, Park Güell, etc.), Puig i Cadafalch (the Amatller and Martí houses, the Palau Macaya, etc.) and Domènech i Montaner (the Hospital of Sant Pau, the Palau de la Música Catalana) are all key points of reference in the history of architecture, while a number of them are also World Heritage sites. · The present. Here we have a considerable number of very fine works of architecture constructed for the Universal Exhibition of 1929, many of which are on Montjuïc and around the Plaça d'Espanya (the Font Màgica, the Palau Nacional, the Poble Espanyol, the Mies van der Rohe Pavilion, etc.). The most recent architecture to be built in Barcelona is in two phases: the first of these spans some 50 years, from the 40s to the 90s, and includes numerous residential blocks, the faculty buildings in Barcelona's university campus area, the Col.legi d'Arquitectes, the Fundación Joan Miró and the Trade office blocks; and a second that begins with the 1992 Barcelona Olympics and continues up to the present day. Of significance from this second phase are public amenities such as the Espanya Industrial park, the area around the Mapfre Towers or the Rambla del Raval, cultural facilities such as the MACBA, the CCCB, the Ciutat del Teatre, and the Auditori, and other new constructions being built for the Universal Forum of Cultures in 2004.
A mediterranean trade capital
Beginning in the 12th century, Barcelona became the centre of intense commercial activity in both the west and east Mediterranean. When Benjamí de Tudela visited the city he noted that the port already enjoyed prestige all over the Mediterranean. Vessels from Pisa, Genoa, Sicily, Greece, Alexandria, and even from as far away as Asia docked there. Between 1249 and 1274 king James I of Catalonia and Aragon organized the institutional life of the city through the Consell de Cent (Council of One Hundred). Throughout the 13th century Barcelona grew so rapidly that the walls encircling the city had to be extended, and a new wall and its respective gates were built along what is now the Rambla. In the early 14th century Barcelona developed into one of the foremost powers in the Mediterranean basin. The city expanded so much in these years of economic growth that in 1374 king Peter III of Catalonia and Aragon (Peter the Ceremonious) ordered a further extension of the walls, which gave rise to the Raval district. At that time the population of the city was approximately 25,000. The death toll caused by the plague years of 1333 and 1348 disrupted life in the city and economic growth declined, a situation that led to the destruction of the Jewish district in 1391 and the crisis in the city government in the 15th century, and eventually to the 1462-1472 civil war. Recuperation did not begin until the late 15th century, with the construction of the new quay and the subsequent recovery of Mediterranean trade. The conquest of Mallorca (1229), Valencia (1233-1245), Sicily (1282), Sardinia (1324), Naples (1442), the dukedoms of Athens (1311) and Neopàtria in Greece (1319) by the Catalan-Aragonese crown constitute the main political milestones of the expansion of Barcelona and Catalonia throughout the Mediterranean during the lower Middle Ages.
Barcelona under the House of Habsburg
In 1512 the Florentine Guicciardini, speaking of Barcelona, said: “It is situated on a coastal strip of land next to the sea, in a very suitable place for trade, although this does not thrive as much as in the past”. However, he also had this to say: “It is a fine, large, densely populated city (…) in general it can boast of fine houses throughout every district”. During the 16th and 17th centuries, few changes took place in the urban structure of Barcelona, which remained within the confines of the old 14th century walls.
In the 16th century it enjoyed a relative prosperity thanks mainly to the activity in the dockyard and the craftsmen’s guilds. Many mansions and convents were built in this century: the first Jesuit convent was built in 1553; the convent of the Discalced Carmelites in 1593; the convent of the Angels between 1562 and 1566; the convent of the Elizabeths in 1554; the convents of the Guardian Angels and the Repentants in 1587; the façade of the Palau de la Generalitat, from 1597; in the 17th century (1626), the new convent of Our Lady of Bonsuccés; the Fivaller Mansion (completed in the 17th century) and the Centelles Mansion (1514); the building of the Estudi General and parts of the Hospital of the Holy Cross, especially the Renaissance façade. The 17th century was in the main a time of crisis. This led to uprising and the war in 1640, which did not end until 1659. Also during this century various religious and civic buildings were constructed in the Baroque style: the Discalced Augustinian convent of Santa Mònica (1636); the Discalced Trinitarian convent of Saint Severus (1698-1705), Bethlehem (1680) and the Josepets; the Casa de Convalescència of the Holy Cross Hospital; the Casa de la Misericòrdia (1693); the Dalmases Mansion and the Mansion of the Counts of Solterra, of Marimon –in Caldes de Montbui– and of Maldà; and the Franciscan College of St Bonaventura (1652). In 1598, work on the new quayside was resumed. In the 16th century, the growing aristocratic presence in the city gave rise to the construction of noble town-houses such as those of the Gralla, Durai, Mai and Ardiaca Desplà. Between 1641 and 1714, Barcelona underwent six different sieges, some with devastating effects. Throughout this time the population numbered between 28,000 and 40,000 inhabitants. During the same period the population of Madrid was 100,000 and that of Paris and London, 570,000. The epidemics of 1520, 1530, 1558 and 1589-1590, to name only the most serious, decimated the city over and over again. In the late 17th century, the country underwent a certain economic recovery. In 1701-1702, the citizens of Barcelona obtained authorization from Philip V of Spain to send two ships per year to the Americas, until then the exclusive preserve of the Castilian crown.
From the Spanish war of Succession to the Catalan Renaissance
The defeat of 1714 signalled the end of the Catalan state and ushered in a period of severe repression that brought about great changes in the institutional structure of Barcelona. In 1718 the population of the city was 37,000. The victors ordered 1,200 houses in the Ribera neighbourhood to be knocked down to make way for the construction of a military fortress. While this process of denationalization was taking place in Catalonia throughout the 18th century, Barcelona continued to expand. In 1770 there were 70,000 inhabitants, and in 1787, 95,000. By the end of the period under study, that is to say, until 1832, this figure had increased to 117,000. Construction work on the Barceloneta district began in 1753. Between 1714 and 1832, a decisive period for the future of the city, Barcelona underwent a transformation. The entire physiognomy of the city was changed. The first third of the 19th century was a time of intense urban modernization. In 1820, building work on the Passeig de Gràcia began. Barcelona became a magnet for immigrants, especially exiles from France. During the 18th century (starting in 1736) “industrial” centres were set up for the manufacture of indianes, or patterned cotton fabrics. In 1796 there were 104 such factories with 3,048 looms providing work for 12,979 employees. In spite of the increase in agricultural production on the alluvial plain of the city’s hinterland, in 1763-64 and 1788-89 there were severe shortages of foodstuffs. The 1789 food crisis gave rise to the famous rebombori del pa, or bread riots. Between 1739 and 1748 Barcelona’s commerce with the Americas via Cádiz, the port which held the monopoly on trade with the New World, continued to grow. In 1765, the port of Barcelona was designated the official point of departure for trade with America. The peace treaty signed in1785 by Carles III (Charles III of Spain) and the Great Turk enabled merchandise to arrive from China.
The crisis at the end of the century, with wars against England (1779-83; 1796-1801; 1804-1808), and against revolutionary France, the so-called Great War (1793-95), and the subsequent Napoleonic invasion (1808-1814), all put a brake on industrial growth. The great transformation took place between 1814 and 1833. In 1829 there were 341 factories engaged in spinning, weaving and fabric printing. The city stood at the threshold of the industrial revolution. It was during this period that the city experienced a surge of cultural, artistic, academic and scientific activity. With the death of Ferdinand VII of Spain in 1833, a new chapter in the history of Barcelona began. In that same year, 1833, Bonaventura-Carles Aribau published his poem Oda a la Pàtria ("Ode to the Homeland"), which is widely regarded as the springboard for the great Catalan movement of cultural, linguistic and political renewal known as the Renaixença (rebirth or renaissance). Spanish monarchs who successively visited Barcelona during this time (Charles III, from October 17th to 22nd in 1759; Charles IV, in September, 1802; and the longest, by Ferdinand VII, from September 4th , 1827 to April 9th , 1828) were enthusiastically received by Catalans. Ferdinand VII signed an agreement with the industrial bourgeoisie in which they swore fidelity to the throne in exchange for protectionist privileges. In 1760, in an official memorandum of grievances, the same bourgeoisie had complained to the king then incumbent about the crown’s neglect of Catalonia.
From Cerda's Enlargement plan to the 1888 Expo
From the fin de siecle to the 1929 Expo
The second Spanish Republic
The victory of Republican parties all over Spain in the municipal elections held on April 12th , 1931, led Lluís Companys to proclaim the Republic from the balcony of Barcelona City Hall two days later. He was the first elected politician to make this annoucement publicly, and was followed shortly after by the leader of ERC (“Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya” – “Catalan Republican Left Party”), Francesc Macià, who proclaimed the Catalan Republic from the Palau de la Generalitat (Catalan Government Building). On April 17th , the Catalan Government cabinet renounced the Spanish Republic in favour of the independent Generalitat de Catalunya. In September 1932, the Statute for an Autonomous Catalan Government was approved, and in December of the same year the first meeting of the Republican Parliament, elected on November 20th , was held in Barcelona. On October 6th , 1934, in consequence of president Lluís Companys’ declaration of the Catalan State, all the members of the Catalan government were imprisoned by order of the right-wing government in Madrid, and the Statute was quashed (January 2nd , 1935). When the left-wing parties emerged as victors once again in the general election of February 16th , 1936, Companys and his colleagues were released. The military uprising on July 18th of the same year was put down in Barcelona, but in the Catalan capital especially, the internal strife between anarchists and communists, known as the May 1937 Incidents, led to a civil war within the Civil War. On October 31st , 1937, the Spanish Republican Government moved to Barcelona, making it the political capital of Spain. When Franco’s troops entered Lleida, the dictator issued a decree dissolving the Generalitat, which became effective on January 26th , 1939, when Barcelona finally fell to the Nationalist forces. In July 1934, the Macià Plan had been approved. It consisted of a programme for developing the Eixample neighbourhood, improving conditions in the old quarter, dividing the capital into districts and linking the city with the Llobregat coastal plain. The Casa Bloc project in Sant Andreu de Palomar to provide housing in a working class area was actually carried out. The same could not be said for the Ciutat de Repós i de Vacances (Workers’ City of Leisure and Vacation), which had been designed to provide for the leisure and holidays of the working classes. The war prevented it from going ahead. On October 31st , 1931, the Regional Planning programme for the reorganization of territory in Catalonia had also been approved: “It is necessary to create a Catalonia-City in which Barcelona will be but a large neighbourhood”. An important event in the cultural sphere was the creation of the Autonomous University of Barcelona (August 28th , 1933). During the Spanish Civil War Barcelona was heavily bombed by the Nationalist air force, and between March 16th and 17th 1938 alone, 551 people died and 1,151 were injured as a result of these attacks. These bombardments accounted for a total of 1,816 dead and 2,719 injured.
After Franco's victory
This was a period of poverty, hardship and enormous urban chaos. The tide of immigrants arriving in Barcelona, coupled with the lack of housing, led to the construction of slum dwellings. Some 200,000 of these sub-standard dwellings went up in various areas of the city. In 1953, the Pla Comarcal de Barcelona (Regional Plan) replaced the first Pla Nacional d’Habitatge (National Housing Scheme) in an attempt to control immigration and organize city planning. Between 1953 and 1962, 2,719 new flats were built in the area known as the “Congrés Eucarístic”. In 1939, Barcelona had a population of 1,085,951. By 1957 the number of inhabitants had reached 1,466,937. In 1944, 20,240 immigrants arrived in the city; 69,987 arrived in the following year, and in 1948 the figure was 35,569. Immigration increased over five-year periods in the following manner: 1941-1945: 111,567; 1946-1950: 45,353; 1951-1955: 86,801; and 1956-1960: 104,460. Over the same period (1940-1957), life expectancy for both men and women in Barcelona showed a marked increase. In 1940-1941, it was 54 for men and 62 for women. Between 1949 and 1952, it rose to 62 and 68, respectively, and between 1954 and 1957 it was 67 and 73. During the forties, poverty in the city was widespread. According to the novelist Francisco Candel, in those years “the Diagonal was full of cabarets and the factories with tuberculosis”. 1951 was the year of the tram strike, when the people of Barcelona refused to pay the increase in the price of a ticket. In 1952, the International Eucharistic Congress was held in the city, an occasion for the military regime to mount an enormous propaganda campaign, as well as a boost for building activity and the beginning of tourism. The setting up of the SEAT car company between 1949 and 1953 provided many new jobs (more than 5,000 in 1958). Barcelona became the main location for clandestine opposition against the regime, although this was still relatively small and badly organized. In 1945, various political organizations joined together to form the Catalan National Alliance for Democracy and the National Council for Catalan Democracy, neither of which lasted for very long. The dictatorship adopted stringent measures to remove all traces of Catalan culture during this period, as well as to prevent the formation of an effective resistance, which survived only in small groups and behind closed doors.
Metropolitan Barcelona & transition towards democracy
The Barcelona of democracy
Municipal elections were held on April 3rd, 1979, with a 45% abstention. The Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya (PSC – Catalan Socialist Party) obtained 16 seats on the Council (33.9 %); the Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya (PSUC – Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia), 9 (18.8%); Convergència i Unió (CiU – Nationalist Conservative Party), 8 (18.5%); Centristes de Catalunya-Unió del Centre Democràtic (CC-UCD – Catalan Democratic Party of the Centre), 8 (16.7%), and Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC – Catalan Republican Left), 2 (5.2%). A coalition pact (the so-called “Pact of Progress”) was signed by all members of the Council consisting of the PSC, PSUC, CiU and ERC, with Narcís Serra as mayor of Barcelona. In October 1981, the CiU left the municipal government. After the victory of the PSOE (Partido Socialista Obrero Español – Spanish Socialist Workers Party) in the general elections held in October 1982, Serra became Minister of Defence in Madrid and was succeeded as mayor by Pasqual Maragall (3 December 1982). Since then, with support from various parties (PSUC, IC, ERC), the Catalan Socialists have always governed at Barcelona City Hall.
The policies of the democratic municipal authorities have taken effect in many spheres, the opening up of Barcelona to the Mediterranean being one of them. The old Moll de la Fusta (Timber Wharf) was recovered for the city; the Maremàgnum complex, the IMAX cinema and the Aquarium were built, and the Museu d’Història de Catalunya (Museum of Catalan History) was opened on the quays. Between 1997 and 2002 a footbridge was built linking the “Adossat” and “Ponent” Quays, the breakwater along the “Inflambles” Wharf was extended and a second harbour mouth made. Montjuïc has been another area of activity, due principally to the preparations for the 1992 Olympic Games, with the construction of the Mies van der Rohe Pavilion, the Ciutat del Teatre (theatre complex), the INEF (Institute for physical education), and Santiago Calatrava’s 199m high telecommunications tower. However, the major project carried out on Montjuïc was the construction of the Olympic Ring, designed by the architects Correa, Milà, Margarit and Buxadé, which included the modernization of the old Olympic Stadium and the building of Arata Isozaki’s Palau Sant Jordi (Sports Palace of St George). The Collserola range of hills has been another site were development has taken place, with the creation of a natural park, rational urban planning, and Norman Foster’s 268m high telecommunications tower at Vallvidrera. In 1985, in anticipation of the Olympic Games, the Olympic Village or “Nova Icaria” urban development project (designed by Oriol Bohigas, Josep M. Martorell, David Mackay and Albert Puigdomènech) was officially approved and set into motion. 2,000 flats, 200 retail outlets and 70,000 square metres of office space were built. Other major projects were the extension of the Avinguda Diagonal to the sea, the construction of new ring roads and underpasses, the redevelopment of part of the Ciutat Vella (Old City), the building of new streets and avenues as well as large shopping malls and commercial centres, all of which have transformed Barcelona during this period. In 1985, the package of measures for the Protection and Improvement of the Urban Landscape was approved, and in 1986 the campaign “Smarten Yourself Up, Barcelona!” was put into operation. The new terminal designed by Ricard Bofill has helped to modernize the airport at El Prat, while numerous cultural facilities have either been improved or newly constructed; the National Theatre, the Auditorium, the new Liceu Opera House, the Palau de la Música Catalana (1989), the Tàpies Foundation (1990), the Museum of Contemporary Art, the Centre of Contemporary Culture, the National Art Museum of Catalonia, etc. In 2004, in time for the celebration of the “Universal Forum of Cultures”, the massive urban development project “Diagonal Mar” was brought to a conclusion.
Architecture
One of the most notable features of Barcelona is the city's great architectural richness, a characteristic that is the result of the succession of the peoples who have inhabited the city during many hundreds of years, and is manifested in an urban structure that has been configured in four major phases:
· The early nucleus. The first important architectural landmarks date back to the original nucleus inside the city's Roman walls, the centre of which is the Plaça de Sant Jaume. This first phase witnessed one of the crucial processes in the life of the city: its Romanization. · Mediaeval and modern Barcelona. The Mediaeval period gave Barcelona one of its outstanding architectural gems, the Gothic quarter, which presents all the splendour of an era epitomized by the Plaça del Rei, with its churches, houses, palaces and chapels and the façade of the Cathedral. Of note outside of the Gothic quarter are carrer Montcada and its noble palaces, the historic Hospital de la Santa Creu, the Drassanes shipyards and the monasteries of Sant Pau del Camp and Santa Maria de Pedralbes. Fine examples of the architecture of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries can be found in Barcelona in the churches of Betlem, the Mare de Déu de la Mercè, the Casa de la Caritat, the Palau de la Virreina, the Labyrinth in Horta and the various manor houses still to be seen in Barcelona. . The construction of the Eixample and Modernisme. In addition to outstanding public buildings such as the Boqueria market, the University, the Gran Teatre del Liceu Opera House and the Plaça Reial, this period was marked by the construction of Barcelona's Eixample or New Town to a project by Ildefons Cerdà. Modernisme, too, has left an architectural legacy of the first order. The work of Gaudí (the Sagrada Família, the Casa Milà-La Pedrera, the Casa Vicenç, the Casa Batlló, Park Güell, etc.), Puig i Cadafalch (the Amatller and Martí houses, the Palau Macaya, etc.) and Domènech i Montaner (the Hospital of Sant Pau, the Palau de la Música Catalana) are all key points of reference in the history of architecture, while a number of them are also World Heritage sites. · The present. Here we have a considerable number of very fine works of architecture constructed for the Universal Exhibition of 1929, many of which are on Montjuïc and around the Plaça d'Espanya (the Font Màgica, the Palau Nacional, the Poble Espanyol, the Mies van der Rohe Pavilion, etc.). The most recent architecture to be built in Barcelona is in two phases: the first of these spans some 50 years, from the 40s to the 90s, and includes numerous residential blocks, the faculty buildings in Barcelona's university campus area, the Col.legi d'Arquitectes, the Fundación Joan Miró and the Trade office blocks; and a second that begins with the 1992 Barcelona Olympics and continues up to the present day. Of significance from this second phase are public amenities such as the Espanya Industrial park, the area around the Mapfre Towers or the Rambla del Raval, cultural facilities such as the MACBA, the CCCB, the Ciutat del Teatre, and the Auditori, and other new constructions being built for the Universal Forum of Cultures in 2004.
2007年5月25日星期五
亨德尔
亨德尔与巴赫并称为巴洛克音乐最伟大的作曲家。1685年生于德国哈勒，师从管风琴家查豪学习作曲，后在教堂内任管风琴师及艺术指导。因他热爱世俗音乐，于1703年移居汉堡（当时唯一有民族歌剧的德国城市）担任该地歌剧院管弦乐团院长后，开始潜心于歌剧的创作，不久即受到乐界的瞩目。亨德尔于二十一岁时离开故乡德国到意大利并活跃于该地，随后四年已有相当的成就，直到1710年返国担任汉诺威选帝候的宫廷乐长为止。同年他首次访英演出自作歌剧，在伦敦受到疯狂般的好评，因此1712年第二次访英时，即长居伦敦，不久就成为英国的音乐权威人士，并在1726年加入英国藉。
亨德尔一生共创作了《阿尔西那》、《奥兰多》等四十六部歌剧，除五部外，其余均在伦敦创作，其中部分更在欧洲其它地方上演过，亦以此经常与意大利作曲家波隆契尼互争长短！在英期间，亨德尔继承菩尔赛的地位，在1713年为圣保禄大教堂写下一些合唱作品，更在泰晤士河上以著名的《水上音乐（Water Music）》取悦了乔治一世与整个朝廷。1719年他组成了皇家音乐学校（Royal Academy of Music）以发表其歌剧.。从1732年起开始以英语写作神剧。三十年代未开始，从事没有舞台表演的清唱剧创作。一生共写了三十二部清唱剧，其中绝大部分也是在英国写的，对英国音乐发展产生极其深远的影响。在1742年都柏林首演了他最受欢迎的神剧《弥赛亚（Messiah）》，其中的《哈里路亚》（希伯莱语赞美上帝的意思）流传最为广泛。亦以此为自已打开另一个全新的创作空间。接着他写了一些管风琴协奏曲、颂歌和管弦乐作品及1749年为庆祝乔治二世在法国的胜利而作的《皇家烟火（Royal for Fireworks）》。除了歌剧和神剧以外，亨德尔也谱写了为数甚丰的协奏曲和奏鸣曲，这些纯巴洛克样色的作品，主要是为剧场和公开场合演奏的目的而写，其中蕴含着相当的戏剧色彩，这一点与巴赫的作品主要是作为教会演奏之用，正呈鲜明对比。
作为歌剧、古键琴奏鸣曲、管风琴赋格、协奏曲、管弦乐曲和神剧等多方面的能手，亨德尔是当代除巴赫以外最有声誉的作曲家。他将这些从十七世纪承袭而来的曲式加以变化和扩展，将不同的欧洲风格融会贯通，写下了无数令人难以忘怀的乐章。晚年亨德尔不幸双目失明，1759年病逝于伦敦，按其遗愿葬于西敏。
关于亨德尔，海顿曾说：“他是我们一切人的老师”；贝多芬则宣布：他是真理之所在。与巴赫相比，亨德尔算是一位彻头彻尾的国际性作曲家，他的音乐兼有德国的严肃、意大利的悦耳和法国的壮丽，而这些特点是在英国成熟的。1917年7月为在伦敦泰晤士河上的一场音乐晚会，亨德尔创作了著名的《水上音乐组曲》，当时英国国王和众多达官贵人乘船顺泰晤士河游览，乐队在船上演奏美妙的乐曲以助兴。《皇家焰火组曲》则是亨德尔为1748年在伦敦举办的一场皇家焰火庆典创作的音乐。该庆典是英王为了庆祝奥地利王位继承战争的胜利，以巴洛克式的声与光展现和平的主题而举办的盛大的焰火晚会。这两部作品显示了亨德尔高超的室外音乐创作技巧，由于大量采用铜管和打击乐器，音乐的效果辉煌璀璨。
01 Music for the Royal Fireworks - Ouverture
02 Music for the Royal Fireworks - Bourrúe
03 Music for the Royal Fireworks - La Paix
04 Music for the Royal Fireworks - La Rújouissance
05 Music for the Royal Fireworks - Minuet and Trio
06 Water Music Suite in G Major - Minuet and Trio
07 Water Music Suite in G Major - Rigaudon I and II
08 Water Music Suite in G Major - Gigue
09 Water Music Suite in D Major - Prelude
10 Water Music Suite in D Major - Hornpipe
11 Water Music Suite in D Major - Minuet
12 Water Music Suite in D Major - Lentement
13 Water Music Suite in D Major - Bourrúe
14 Water Music Suite in F Major - Ouverture
15 Water Music Suite in F Major - Adagio E Staccato
16 Water Music Suite in F Major - Hornpipe and Andante
17 Water Music Suite in F Major - Jig
18 Water Music Suite in F Major - Ai
19 Water Music Suite in F Major - Minuet
20 Water Music Suite in F Major - Bourrúe and Hornpipe
21 Water Music Suite in F Major - Gavotte
亨德尔一生共创作了《阿尔西那》、《奥兰多》等四十六部歌剧，除五部外，其余均在伦敦创作，其中部分更在欧洲其它地方上演过，亦以此经常与意大利作曲家波隆契尼互争长短！在英期间，亨德尔继承菩尔赛的地位，在1713年为圣保禄大教堂写下一些合唱作品，更在泰晤士河上以著名的《水上音乐（Water Music）》取悦了乔治一世与整个朝廷。1719年他组成了皇家音乐学校（Royal Academy of Music）以发表其歌剧.。从1732年起开始以英语写作神剧。三十年代未开始，从事没有舞台表演的清唱剧创作。一生共写了三十二部清唱剧，其中绝大部分也是在英国写的，对英国音乐发展产生极其深远的影响。在1742年都柏林首演了他最受欢迎的神剧《弥赛亚（Messiah）》，其中的《哈里路亚》（希伯莱语赞美上帝的意思）流传最为广泛。亦以此为自已打开另一个全新的创作空间。接着他写了一些管风琴协奏曲、颂歌和管弦乐作品及1749年为庆祝乔治二世在法国的胜利而作的《皇家烟火（Royal for Fireworks）》。除了歌剧和神剧以外，亨德尔也谱写了为数甚丰的协奏曲和奏鸣曲，这些纯巴洛克样色的作品，主要是为剧场和公开场合演奏的目的而写，其中蕴含着相当的戏剧色彩，这一点与巴赫的作品主要是作为教会演奏之用，正呈鲜明对比。
作为歌剧、古键琴奏鸣曲、管风琴赋格、协奏曲、管弦乐曲和神剧等多方面的能手，亨德尔是当代除巴赫以外最有声誉的作曲家。他将这些从十七世纪承袭而来的曲式加以变化和扩展，将不同的欧洲风格融会贯通，写下了无数令人难以忘怀的乐章。晚年亨德尔不幸双目失明，1759年病逝于伦敦，按其遗愿葬于西敏。
关于亨德尔，海顿曾说：“他是我们一切人的老师”；贝多芬则宣布：他是真理之所在。与巴赫相比，亨德尔算是一位彻头彻尾的国际性作曲家，他的音乐兼有德国的严肃、意大利的悦耳和法国的壮丽，而这些特点是在英国成熟的。1917年7月为在伦敦泰晤士河上的一场音乐晚会，亨德尔创作了著名的《水上音乐组曲》，当时英国国王和众多达官贵人乘船顺泰晤士河游览，乐队在船上演奏美妙的乐曲以助兴。《皇家焰火组曲》则是亨德尔为1748年在伦敦举办的一场皇家焰火庆典创作的音乐。该庆典是英王为了庆祝奥地利王位继承战争的胜利，以巴洛克式的声与光展现和平的主题而举办的盛大的焰火晚会。这两部作品显示了亨德尔高超的室外音乐创作技巧，由于大量采用铜管和打击乐器，音乐的效果辉煌璀璨。
01 Music for the Royal Fireworks - Ouverture
02 Music for the Royal Fireworks - Bourrúe
03 Music for the Royal Fireworks - La Paix
04 Music for the Royal Fireworks - La Rújouissance
05 Music for the Royal Fireworks - Minuet and Trio
06 Water Music Suite in G Major - Minuet and Trio
07 Water Music Suite in G Major - Rigaudon I and II
08 Water Music Suite in G Major - Gigue
09 Water Music Suite in D Major - Prelude
10 Water Music Suite in D Major - Hornpipe
11 Water Music Suite in D Major - Minuet
12 Water Music Suite in D Major - Lentement
13 Water Music Suite in D Major - Bourrúe
14 Water Music Suite in F Major - Ouverture
15 Water Music Suite in F Major - Adagio E Staccato
16 Water Music Suite in F Major - Hornpipe and Andante
17 Water Music Suite in F Major - Jig
18 Water Music Suite in F Major - Ai
19 Water Music Suite in F Major - Minuet
20 Water Music Suite in F Major - Bourrúe and Hornpipe
21 Water Music Suite in F Major - Gavotte
拼凑逝水年华
大学四年，有些时间太慵懒，有些时间太匆促，有些时间平淡无奇。
大学四年，有些事情需要回味，有些事情需要忘却，有些事情需要承担。
香茗越品越淡，却难以忘却初次的甘苦。
现实生活越走越真切，就更加怀念属于青春伊始的绚烂。
真正懂得为了什么而忙碌，追逐，辛苦时，人生又去了四载。
借这篇文章，写下对几位老师和朋友的感谢与怀念。点点滴滴拼凑属于昨天的故事。
（1） 我的微积分老师
电脑里一直保存了三张在最后一节微积分课上给您拍的照片。那时曾经设想，二十年以后我会带着这几张照片和一些小小的成就回到学校，感谢您给我们上的学习和生活中最重要的一课：
您总是提前四十分钟到教室写上整整一黑板的板书；
您也会在课间疾步走进过道，抽一根烟，喝几口茶，理好下节课的思路；
您总是宽容地对待同学们偶尔的喧闹与小动作，也会讲些笑话来赶跑我们的瞌睡虫；
我记得下午最后一节课后，您催促我们几个女生去吃饭的情景（虽然当时一心想减肥的我们后来还是没去吃饭，但是那种如父亲般亲切的关怀还是让在异地求学的朋友们感动了很久。）。
也记得半期考试以后，你找几个男生谈心，希望他们可以不掉队，不影响后面的学习；
。。。。。。
这样的故事还有很多。可是后来，您安静地离开了，带着对事业的热忱和对学生的爱。而您的谆谆教导会继续影响我们成长的轨迹。
（2） 那些花儿，这些草草
G^M
我想我们无论怎样都会成为很好的朋友，因为那些奇妙的“缘分”。
印象中有1%的时间我们冷战过，争吵过，余下的时间则在讨论各种奇怪的事情和享受糖醋里脊（这可是你的“名菜”哟）。
垂野芳菲时，我们一起做关于自由的白日梦；然后又扎进各自钟爱的领域，刨根问底；
藤竹芰荷时，我们在游泳池里努力学习青蛙的姿势，开心地倒数生日；
落霞孤骛时，拿着相机四处捕捉银杏的美妙身影，在花园里扭捏出各种造型；
朔风积雪时，你陪我在寒风中打长途电话，听我幸福的笑声，却在QQ群里揭我的“老底”。
我想，未来的某一天，分隔两地的我们依然可以拥抱着不变的默契，无论倾诉或是祝福，心中锁住既往的温度。
小一
我不知道从大学开始到大四的第一个星期，你陪我走了多长的路。带着满心的感谢，记录几多细节！
你应该是我们班最受欢迎的人吧？大家都信任你，并且永远支持你！同时你也很辛苦地做了很多人的“心情垃圾桶”。
去上海那天早晨，很意外地在7AM收到你的信息（果然，你发完又睡觉去了）。本来很忐忑的心，想到背后有一帮朋友的支持与鼓励，释然了很多。
记得最长的一次路线是从寝室沿着菜市场再到东院，最后因为要去一教开会，才结束的。一路上我一直在回忆过往，碎碎地讲了很多故事，终于拾回了自信与勇气。
你始终是一个很好的听众，并且还没有被我烦得发狂（哈哈，估计快了吧？）。
以前总是站在自己的立场，任性地给你提了些建议，现在想起来有些自私，所以希望你千万不要介意！
现在最希望的是你可以在理想的地方工作，一家人幸福快乐地生活！
愿你每一天都开心，我会在远方遥寄我的祝福！
R
我想你应该是我大学阶段最绚丽的一页吧？虽然很短暂，但却永远难忘。
你应该是最最了解我的人吧，过去，现在，但不再有将来。
你曾看到我最难过的一面，最生气的一面，也有最开心，和最可爱的一面；
谢谢你的安慰，谢谢你的宽容，谢谢你的玫瑰，谢谢你的礼物；
谢谢你陪我唱歌，你的声音永远是最棒的；谢谢你给我摹仿的每一个周星星的电影情节，让我忘记烦恼与忧愁；
谢谢你在游乐园的观缆车升到顶端时听我许愿，谢谢你在电影院里和我分享喜悦。。。
只是那些曾经共同经历的故事已悄然谢幕。
愿即将开始在香江求学的你，学业和生活顺利。道一声：珍重！
就这样，又过了四年，
许多轻狂的梦想早已化作云烟，留下几多叹息；
在不断追逐中，寻找属于自己的轨迹；
终于懂得如何去爱，如何给予，
也明白很多事需要等待，不必固执与强求；
整理好行装，带着可以创造无限可能的勇气，
努力地飞吧，不要犹豫！
成长的磨练，痛并快乐着，
看起来却依然美丽。。。
大学四年，有些事情需要回味，有些事情需要忘却，有些事情需要承担。
香茗越品越淡，却难以忘却初次的甘苦。
现实生活越走越真切，就更加怀念属于青春伊始的绚烂。
真正懂得为了什么而忙碌，追逐，辛苦时，人生又去了四载。
借这篇文章，写下对几位老师和朋友的感谢与怀念。点点滴滴拼凑属于昨天的故事。
（1） 我的微积分老师
电脑里一直保存了三张在最后一节微积分课上给您拍的照片。那时曾经设想，二十年以后我会带着这几张照片和一些小小的成就回到学校，感谢您给我们上的学习和生活中最重要的一课：
您总是提前四十分钟到教室写上整整一黑板的板书；
您也会在课间疾步走进过道，抽一根烟，喝几口茶，理好下节课的思路；
您总是宽容地对待同学们偶尔的喧闹与小动作，也会讲些笑话来赶跑我们的瞌睡虫；
我记得下午最后一节课后，您催促我们几个女生去吃饭的情景（虽然当时一心想减肥的我们后来还是没去吃饭，但是那种如父亲般亲切的关怀还是让在异地求学的朋友们感动了很久。）。
也记得半期考试以后，你找几个男生谈心，希望他们可以不掉队，不影响后面的学习；
。。。。。。
这样的故事还有很多。可是后来，您安静地离开了，带着对事业的热忱和对学生的爱。而您的谆谆教导会继续影响我们成长的轨迹。
（2） 那些花儿，这些草草
G^M
我想我们无论怎样都会成为很好的朋友，因为那些奇妙的“缘分”。
印象中有1%的时间我们冷战过，争吵过，余下的时间则在讨论各种奇怪的事情和享受糖醋里脊（这可是你的“名菜”哟）。
垂野芳菲时，我们一起做关于自由的白日梦；然后又扎进各自钟爱的领域，刨根问底；
藤竹芰荷时，我们在游泳池里努力学习青蛙的姿势，开心地倒数生日；
落霞孤骛时，拿着相机四处捕捉银杏的美妙身影，在花园里扭捏出各种造型；
朔风积雪时，你陪我在寒风中打长途电话，听我幸福的笑声，却在QQ群里揭我的“老底”。
我想，未来的某一天，分隔两地的我们依然可以拥抱着不变的默契，无论倾诉或是祝福，心中锁住既往的温度。
小一
我不知道从大学开始到大四的第一个星期，你陪我走了多长的路。带着满心的感谢，记录几多细节！
你应该是我们班最受欢迎的人吧？大家都信任你，并且永远支持你！同时你也很辛苦地做了很多人的“心情垃圾桶”。
去上海那天早晨，很意外地在7AM收到你的信息（果然，你发完又睡觉去了）。本来很忐忑的心，想到背后有一帮朋友的支持与鼓励，释然了很多。
记得最长的一次路线是从寝室沿着菜市场再到东院，最后因为要去一教开会，才结束的。一路上我一直在回忆过往，碎碎地讲了很多故事，终于拾回了自信与勇气。
你始终是一个很好的听众，并且还没有被我烦得发狂（哈哈，估计快了吧？）。
以前总是站在自己的立场，任性地给你提了些建议，现在想起来有些自私，所以希望你千万不要介意！
现在最希望的是你可以在理想的地方工作，一家人幸福快乐地生活！
愿你每一天都开心，我会在远方遥寄我的祝福！
R
我想你应该是我大学阶段最绚丽的一页吧？虽然很短暂，但却永远难忘。
你应该是最最了解我的人吧，过去，现在，但不再有将来。
你曾看到我最难过的一面，最生气的一面，也有最开心，和最可爱的一面；
谢谢你的安慰，谢谢你的宽容，谢谢你的玫瑰，谢谢你的礼物；
谢谢你陪我唱歌，你的声音永远是最棒的；谢谢你给我摹仿的每一个周星星的电影情节，让我忘记烦恼与忧愁；
谢谢你在游乐园的观缆车升到顶端时听我许愿，谢谢你在电影院里和我分享喜悦。。。
只是那些曾经共同经历的故事已悄然谢幕。
愿即将开始在香江求学的你，学业和生活顺利。道一声：珍重！
就这样，又过了四年，
许多轻狂的梦想早已化作云烟，留下几多叹息；
在不断追逐中，寻找属于自己的轨迹；
终于懂得如何去爱，如何给予，
也明白很多事需要等待，不必固执与强求；
整理好行装，带着可以创造无限可能的勇气，
努力地飞吧，不要犹豫！
成长的磨练，痛并快乐着，
看起来却依然美丽。。。
2007年5月22日星期二
Vivaldi
Vivaldi 安东尼奥.维瓦尔第 (1678 - 1741)
意大利作曲家。1678年3月4日出生于威尼斯。父亲是威尼斯圣马可教堂乐队的小提琴手。自幼学习小提琴与作曲。1703年成为神父，不久在威尼斯的皮耶塔女孤儿院担任音乐教师，教孩子们小提琴及其他音乐知识。女学生经常在演奏会上表演，演奏活动是她们音乐学习的一部分。维瓦尔迪不仅指导她们演出，还为她们的演奏会谱写乐曲。这些音乐会为孤儿院筹得不少的经费。维瓦尔迪在这个女孤儿院工作了40年，直到1740年他去世的前一年。
维瓦尔迪在1704年开始作曲，第一部作品出版于1705年，是一组12首三重奏奏鸣曲。1713年完成了第一部歌剧《奥托尼在维拉》（Ottone in Villa）。从此他把自己看作歌剧作家，尽管很多人仍然认为他是小提琴家，他一生创作了近50部歌剧，其中存世的仅有21部，而且不少只是片段。而他创作最多的还是协奏曲，人们公认他对协奏曲的发展作出了巨大的贡献，他一生写了数百部这类作品，大部分是小提琴协奏曲。最著名的是 Op.8，其中前四首即众所周知的《四季》，常被单独演奏；第五首《海上风暴》、第六首《愉悦》及第十首《狩猎》也都非常有意境，充满了巴洛克的一贯风格。
意大利文艺复兴以来积淀的深厚的人文主义传统，使维瓦尔迪的作品洋溢着清纯的气息，如同亚平宁半岛的阳光，给人以温暖和快乐。由于有一支听命于他的乐队，维瓦尔迪大胆地进行试验和创新，他的协奏曲几乎囊括了当时所有的主流乐器的组合。他的天才创作大大丰富了协奏曲的表现手法，其小提琴高把位的运用也为日后的炫技技术的发展作了铺垫。巴赫对他钦佩有加，早在魏玛时期就改编过他的几部协奏曲。维瓦尔迪清纯甜美的意大利风格对巴赫音乐风格的形成有不小的影响。
维瓦尔迪1741年7月28日逝世于维也纳，这时候他的声名已去，默默无闻。此后的一百多年，他的名字也一直没有被引起更多的注意。直到20世纪，随着人们对巴洛克音乐的重新认识，他那些卓越的曲作才再一次受到关注，他本人也被评价为与巴赫、亨德尔同样重要的巴洛克早期作曲家。
意大利作曲家。1678年3月4日出生于威尼斯。父亲是威尼斯圣马可教堂乐队的小提琴手。自幼学习小提琴与作曲。1703年成为神父，不久在威尼斯的皮耶塔女孤儿院担任音乐教师，教孩子们小提琴及其他音乐知识。女学生经常在演奏会上表演，演奏活动是她们音乐学习的一部分。维瓦尔迪不仅指导她们演出，还为她们的演奏会谱写乐曲。这些音乐会为孤儿院筹得不少的经费。维瓦尔迪在这个女孤儿院工作了40年，直到1740年他去世的前一年。
维瓦尔迪在1704年开始作曲，第一部作品出版于1705年，是一组12首三重奏奏鸣曲。1713年完成了第一部歌剧《奥托尼在维拉》（Ottone in Villa）。从此他把自己看作歌剧作家，尽管很多人仍然认为他是小提琴家，他一生创作了近50部歌剧，其中存世的仅有21部，而且不少只是片段。而他创作最多的还是协奏曲，人们公认他对协奏曲的发展作出了巨大的贡献，他一生写了数百部这类作品，大部分是小提琴协奏曲。最著名的是 Op.8，其中前四首即众所周知的《四季》，常被单独演奏；第五首《海上风暴》、第六首《愉悦》及第十首《狩猎》也都非常有意境，充满了巴洛克的一贯风格。
意大利文艺复兴以来积淀的深厚的人文主义传统，使维瓦尔迪的作品洋溢着清纯的气息，如同亚平宁半岛的阳光，给人以温暖和快乐。由于有一支听命于他的乐队，维瓦尔迪大胆地进行试验和创新，他的协奏曲几乎囊括了当时所有的主流乐器的组合。他的天才创作大大丰富了协奏曲的表现手法，其小提琴高把位的运用也为日后的炫技技术的发展作了铺垫。巴赫对他钦佩有加，早在魏玛时期就改编过他的几部协奏曲。维瓦尔迪清纯甜美的意大利风格对巴赫音乐风格的形成有不小的影响。
维瓦尔迪1741年7月28日逝世于维也纳，这时候他的声名已去，默默无闻。此后的一百多年，他的名字也一直没有被引起更多的注意。直到20世纪，随着人们对巴洛克音乐的重新认识，他那些卓越的曲作才再一次受到关注，他本人也被评价为与巴赫、亨德尔同样重要的巴洛克早期作曲家。
2007年5月21日星期一
2007年5月14日星期一
U^米之Snello
SNELLO
PRADA，GUCCI，CACHERAL，BOSS，TOMMY HILFIGER，CHANEL，
BIJAN，JOY，TIFFANY，OPIUM，DIVA，CALECHE，ARPEGE，SHALIMAR，IVOIRE，
LV，DIOR，CHLOE，FENDI，COACH，KOOBA，HERMAS。。。
不求最好但求最贵！
PRADA，GUCCI，CACHERAL，BOSS，TOMMY HILFIGER，CHANEL，
BIJAN，JOY，TIFFANY，OPIUM，DIVA，CALECHE，ARPEGE，SHALIMAR，IVOIRE，
LV，DIOR，CHLOE，FENDI，COACH，KOOBA，HERMAS。。。
不求最好但求最贵！
2007年5月12日星期六
颠峰之作
一 巴赫：《F大调第二勃兰登堡协奏曲》
二 巴赫：《B小调第二乐队组曲》，巴赫作品编号1067
三 巴伯：《弦乐柔板》
四 巴托克：《乐队协奏曲》
五 贝多芬：《降B大调为钢琴、小提琴和大提琴所作钢琴三重奏“大公”》，作品97号
六 贝多芬：《降E大调第五钢琴协奏曲“皇帝”》，作品73号
七 贝多芬：《C小调第五交响曲》，作品67号
八 贝多芬：《D小调第九交响曲“合唱”》，作品125号
九 柏辽兹：《幻想交响曲》，作品9号
十 勃拉姆斯：《C小调第一交响曲》，作品68号
十一 科普兰：《阿帕拉契亚之春》，为玛莎创作的芭蕾舞剧
十二 德彪西：《牧神午后》
十三 德沃夏克：《E小调第九交响曲“自新大陆”》
十四 格什温：《蓝色狂想曲》
十五 格里格：《A小调钢琴协奏曲》，作品16号
十六 亨德尔：《水上音乐》
十七 亨德尔：《弥赛亚》清唱剧三部分
十八 海顿：《G大调第九十四交响曲“惊愕”》
十九 霍尔斯特：《行星组曲》，作品32号
二十 马勒：《D大调第一交响曲“泰坦”》
二十一 门德尔松：《A大调第四交响曲“意大利”》，作品90号
二十二 莫扎特：《A大调单簧管五重奏》，作品K58l号
二十三 莫扎特：《C大调第二十一钢琴协奏曲“埃尔维拉·迈迪根”》，作品K467号
二十四 莫扎特：《C大调第四十一交响曲“朱庇特”》，作品K551号
二十七 奥尔夫：《布兰诗歌》
二十八 拉赫玛尼诺夫：《帕格尼尼主题狂想曲》，作品43号
二十九 拉威尔：《波莱罗》
三十 罗西尼：《威廉·退尔》序曲
三十一 圣·桑：《动物狂欢节》
三十二 舒伯特：《A大调钢琴、小提琴、中提琴、大提琴和低音提琴五重奏“鳟鱼”》，作品667号
三十三 舒伯特：《B小调第八交响曲“未完成”》
三十四 斯美塔那：《沃尔塔瓦河》选自交响诗套曲《我的祖国》
三十五 小约翰·施特劳斯：《蓝色的多瑙河》，作品314号
三十六 理夏·施特劳斯：《查拉图斯特拉如是说》，作品30号
三十七 斯特拉文斯基：《春之祭》
三十八 柴科夫斯基：《1812序曲》，作品49号
三十九 柴科夫斯基：《B小调第六交响曲“悲怆”》，作品74号
四十 维瓦尔第：《四季》
二 巴赫：《B小调第二乐队组曲》，巴赫作品编号1067
三 巴伯：《弦乐柔板》
四 巴托克：《乐队协奏曲》
五 贝多芬：《降B大调为钢琴、小提琴和大提琴所作钢琴三重奏“大公”》，作品97号
六 贝多芬：《降E大调第五钢琴协奏曲“皇帝”》，作品73号
七 贝多芬：《C小调第五交响曲》，作品67号
八 贝多芬：《D小调第九交响曲“合唱”》，作品125号
九 柏辽兹：《幻想交响曲》，作品9号
十 勃拉姆斯：《C小调第一交响曲》，作品68号
十一 科普兰：《阿帕拉契亚之春》，为玛莎创作的芭蕾舞剧
十二 德彪西：《牧神午后》
十三 德沃夏克：《E小调第九交响曲“自新大陆”》
十四 格什温：《蓝色狂想曲》
十五 格里格：《A小调钢琴协奏曲》，作品16号
十六 亨德尔：《水上音乐》
十七 亨德尔：《弥赛亚》清唱剧三部分
十八 海顿：《G大调第九十四交响曲“惊愕”》
十九 霍尔斯特：《行星组曲》，作品32号
二十 马勒：《D大调第一交响曲“泰坦”》
二十一 门德尔松：《A大调第四交响曲“意大利”》，作品90号
二十二 莫扎特：《A大调单簧管五重奏》，作品K58l号
二十三 莫扎特：《C大调第二十一钢琴协奏曲“埃尔维拉·迈迪根”》，作品K467号
二十四 莫扎特：《C大调第四十一交响曲“朱庇特”》，作品K551号
二十七 奥尔夫：《布兰诗歌》
二十八 拉赫玛尼诺夫：《帕格尼尼主题狂想曲》，作品43号
二十九 拉威尔：《波莱罗》
三十 罗西尼：《威廉·退尔》序曲
三十一 圣·桑：《动物狂欢节》
三十二 舒伯特：《A大调钢琴、小提琴、中提琴、大提琴和低音提琴五重奏“鳟鱼”》，作品667号
三十三 舒伯特：《B小调第八交响曲“未完成”》
三十四 斯美塔那：《沃尔塔瓦河》选自交响诗套曲《我的祖国》
三十五 小约翰·施特劳斯：《蓝色的多瑙河》，作品314号
三十六 理夏·施特劳斯：《查拉图斯特拉如是说》，作品30号
三十七 斯特拉文斯基：《春之祭》
三十八 柴科夫斯基：《1812序曲》，作品49号
三十九 柴科夫斯基：《B小调第六交响曲“悲怆”》，作品74号
四十 维瓦尔第：《四季》
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